The crypt-villus axis represents the essential unit of the small intestine, which integrity and functions are fundamental to assure tissue and whole-body homeostasis. Disruption of pathways regulating the fine balance between proliferation and differentiation results in diseases development. Nowadays, it is well established that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the homeostasis maintenance and perturbation of their levels may promote tumor development. Here, by using microarray technology, we analysed the miRNAs differentially expressed between the crypt and the villus in mice ileum. The emerged miRNAs were further validated by Real Time qPCR in mouse model (ApcMin/+), human cell lines and human tissue samples (FAP) of colorectal cancer (CRC). Our results indicated that miRNAs more expressed in the villi compartment are negatively regulated in tumor specimens, thus suggesting a close association between these microRNAs and the differentiation process. Particularly, from our analysis let-7e appeared to be a promising target for possible future therapies and a valuable marker for tumor staging, being upregulated in differentiated cells and downregulated in early-stage colonic adenoma samples.
The epithelium of small intestine is organized into simple repetition of crypt-villus units. This architecture is designed to maximize the absorptive capacity, with digitiform protrusions (villi) surrounded by epithelial invaginations (crypt of Lieberkühn), where proliferative stem cells reside. Stem cells guarantee the rapid self-renewal of the entire intestinal epithelium, thus promoting the maintenance of the intestinal barrier as well as absorptive and defensive functions [1]. Within 5 days, stem cells migrate from the bottom of the crypt along the villus in a dynamic process of progressive differentiation. Once reached the top of the villi, cells undergo apoptosis, and are shed into the intestinal lumen [1,2]. The fine interplay between proliferation and differentiation is under the control of several important pathways, such as Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog signalling pathways [3–6]. The perturbation of the fine balance between proliferation and differentiation can lead to hyperproliferation and ultimately tumor growth.
Since today, different factors that control cell fate and development have been identified [7,8]. Among them, microRNAs have emerged as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, which balance is fundamental to maintain intestinal homeostasis.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 19–25 nucleotides long single-stranded non coding RNA molecules, which function is to modulate target mRNA translation and stability [9]. Since their discovery, it has emerged that more than one-third of the human genes are regulated by miRNAs [10]. Indeed, they control a large plethora of physiological processes aimed to maintain organism homeostasis, and involving development, differentiation, metabolism, as well as cell cycle growth and death [11]. MicroRNAs expression is tissue specific and developmentally regulated, thus alteration of their levels is closely associated to diseases, including cancer [12–14]. The rapid advancement of high-throughput techniques has facilitated the identification of microRNAs whose expression is altered in several type of cancers or different between primary tumor and metastasis [15–19].
In the gut, microRNAs expression is essential for maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Indeed, in mice the intestinal ablation of Dicer 1 , which catalyses a committed step in miRNA biosynthesis, caused a compromised integrity of the intestinal barrier, resulting in inflammation with lymphocytes and neutrophils infiltration [20]. Moreover, intestinal H+-coupled oligo-peptide transporter (PepT1 )-knockout mice displayed an altered distribution of miRNAs along the crypt-villus axis, with consequent changes in the miRNA profiles of both villi and crypts. This results in shorten intestinal microvilli and reduced body weight [21].
Here, by using a miRNAs microarray approach, we reported miRNAs differentially regulated along the crypt-villus axis in mice. Candidate miRNAs showing human sequence homology were subsequently validated in the colon carcinoma HT29 and Caco2 cell line. Then, we assessed the expression of miRNAs in ApcMin/+ mice, a mouse model of spontaneous colon cancer, as well as in FAP patients (tumor vs. normal mucosa). Overall, our data highlighted novel candidate biomarkers of enterocyte differentiation and proliferation, together with putative targets responsible for early-stage adenomas.
All the experiments presented in this study were carried out in C57BL/6J mice and ApcMin/+ male mice (Jackson Laboratory). For crypt-villus experiments, mice were sacrificed at 4 months of age. For CRC experiments, mice were sacrificed at 6 months of age. All mice were housed with a standard diet provided ad libitum and examined daily. The Ethical Committee of the University of Bari approved this experimental set-up, which also was certified by the Italian Ministry of Health in accordance with internationally accepted guidelines for animal care.
After sacrifice, the ileum was removed from each mouse, flushed with cold saline solution, and longitudinally cut. The epithelium from the crypt-villus axis was isolated following a modified Weiser method. Briefly, ileum was cut longitudinally and transferred into Hank’s balanced salt solution with 0.5mM-DTT to remove the luminal content (mucus and faeces). Then, ileum was transferred into 30 ml of Chelating Buffer (Na2PO4 5mM, NaCl 96mm, Na Citrate 27mM, KH2PO4 8mM, KCl 1.5 mm, D-Sorbitol 55mM, Sucrose 44mM, DTT 0.5 mM), and incubated at 4°C with constant stirring for 20 minutes. Supernatant was collected and called “V0 fraction”. Intestinal fragment was transferred into a falcon (50 ml) with 15 ml of Chelating buffer and gently shaken by hand (30 inversions). Supernatant was collected twice for each fraction (V1, V2, V3 and C1). All collected fractions were centrifuged at 1000g and the resultant pellets were immediately processed for RNA extraction.
We received tissue samples of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) patients (tumours and normal intestinal mucosa) from Dr. R. Valanzano (University of Florence, Florence, Italy) and Dr. R. Mariani-Costantini (University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy). Unrelated Italian patients with FAP were recruited for the study after approval by the Ethical Committee of the University “G. D’Annunzio” of Chieti. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient. All the patients presented with a clinical diagnosis of FAP with histo-morphologic confirmation of colonic adenomas and with a characterized germline mutation in the APC gene.
The colon carcinoma HT29 (ATCC® HTB-38™) and Caco2 (ATCC® HTB-37™) cell lines were both purchased from American Type Culture Collection. HT29 cells were maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) and 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA). Caco2 cells were maintained in Minimum Essential Medium Eagle (MEM, Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA) supplemented with 20% FBS, 1% Penicillin-Streptomicin and L-Glutamine. HT29 and Caco2 differentiation was achieved by spontaneous post-confluence growth arrest. Briefly, 5x104 cells per well were seeded in a 6 multi-well plate. Cells were harvested at day 3 (pre-confluence), day 7 (confluence), day 14 (post-confluence) after seeding and processed for RNA extraction. Each single experiment was conducted in triplicate. Results are expressed as mean of 3 independent experiments.
Total RNA was isolated by Qiazol reagent (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) following the manufacture’s instruction. To avoid possible DNA contaminations, RNA was treated with DNAase I (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA). RNA purity and concentration were checked by spectrophotometer, while the RNA integrity was assessed by Bio-RadExperion™ (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Only samples with Relative Quality Index (RQI) N8 were used for microarray analysis. Samples were stored in aliquot at −80°C prior to use.
Microarray miRNA expression analysis was performed on RNA extracted from the different fractions of ileum of wild type mice. Whole RNA (400 ng) was studied using the Illumina Universal MicroRNA Expression Profiling. The bead chips were read on the Illumina iScan System microarray platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Upon the manufacturer instructions, data were processed using the Illumina Genome Studio Software through specific algorithms of filtration and cleaning of the signal. All the items with detection p-value >0.01 were excluded. Data were normalized together with the quantile method. Background was not subtracted. Final output consisted of normalized fluorescence intensity of each probe (AVG signal), representing the expression levels of each miRNA. The data discussed in this publication have been deposited in NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE165991 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE165991).
For miRNA expression analysis, reverse transcription of 10 ng of RNA was performed using TaqMan microRNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA), following the manufacturer instructions. Real Time qPCR assays were performed in 96-well optical reaction plates using a Quantum5 machine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA). qPCR assays were conducted in triplicate wells for each sample, using pre-validated TaqMan Assays and TaqMan Universal Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA), according to the manufacturer instructions. sno202, U6snRNA and RNU44 were used as internal controls. Relative quantification was carried out using the ΔΔCT method. For mRNA expression analysis, complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized by retro-transcribing total RNA using the High-Capacity DNA Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific), following the manufacturer’s instruction. qPCR assays were conducted in triplicate wells for each sample, using validated primers (Table 1) and intercalated dye (Power Sybr Green, Thermo Fisher Scientific). Cyclophilin A was used as an internal control for mouse studies, whereas Cyclophilin B was used as an internal control for human studies. Relative quantification was performed using the ΔΔCT method.
| Gene | FW | RV | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclophilin B | GGCCAACGATAAGAAGAAGGG | ACAAAATTATCCACTGTTTTTGGAACA | Mus Musculus |
| Cyclin D1 | CATCCATGCGGAAAATCGT | TCTACGCACTTCTGCTCCTCA | Mus Musculus |
| c-Myc | TGTATGTGGAGCGGTTTCTCA | CTGGTAGGAGGCCAGCTTCT | Mus Musculus |
| I-Fabp | GGTGACAACTTTCAAAGGCATAAA | TGTCGCCCAATGTCATGGTA | Mus Musculus |
| Klf4 | CAGACCAGATGCAGTCACAAGTC | TGGGCTCCTCTGGCAGG | Mus Musculus |
| p21 | GAACATCTCAGGGCCGAAAA | CAATCTGCGCTTGGAGTGATAG | Mus Musculus |
| Cyclophilin A | TTTCATCTGCACTGCCAAGA | TTGCAAAACACCACATGCT | Homo Sapiens |
| Cyclin D1 | CGTGGCCTCTAAGATGAAGGA | CGGTGTAGATGCACAGCTTCT | Homo Sapiens |
| c-Myc | CCACCACCAGCAGCGACT | CAGAAACAACATCGATTTCTTCCTC | Homo Sapiens |
| I-Fabp | CGGAAATCGTGCAGAATGG | TTTGGACCCAGCGGTGAT | Homo Sapiens |
| Klf4 | AGATGCAGCCGCAAGTCC | TCCTCTGGCATGCAGGAAC | Homo Sapiens |
| p21 | GAAAACGGCGGCAGACC | CAGCCGGCGTTTGGAGT | Homo Sapiens |
In the present study, publicly available microRNA expression profiles were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO Accession Number: GSE73487; GSE83924; GSE115513), where fresh frozen or FFPE colonic biopsy tissues (normal mucosa, adenoma and colorectal carcinoma) were collected from patients undergoing colonoscopy.
Microarray data were processed through specific algorithms of filtration and cleaning of the signal of the Illumina Genome Studio Software. Final output consisted of fluorescence intensity of each probe (AVG signal), representing the expression levels of each gene. “Differential Expression Analysis” with the “Illumina-custom error model” and with/without False Discovery Rate to adjust the p-value was used to select all the genes differentially expressed between the different intestinal fractions.
RTqPCR results are expressed as mean ± SEM as indicated in the figure legends. Statistical significance was determined by the paired Mann Whitney test or ANOVA analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis) with Dunn’s post hoc test. p-values (p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001) are considered significant. All statistical calculations were performed with GraphPad 5.00 for Windows software (GraphPad Software, San Diego California USA).
To characterize the miRNAs signature along the crypt-villus axis, we firstly isolated the different fractions of the intestinal epithelium, from the V0 fraction, corresponding to the fully differentiated enterocytes at the top of the villus, to the C1 fraction, equivalent to the enterocytes in the proliferative crypt compartment (Fig 1A). Then, we validated the fractions obtained by studying the expression levels of well-studied enterocytes differentiation and proliferation markers, namely Intestinal-type fatty acid binding protein (I-Fabp), Cyclin D1 (Ccnd1)¸ c-Myc, Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), and p21. As expected, the expression of the differentiation markers I-Fabp and Ccnd1 increased moving along the crypt-villus axis, displaying the highest levels in V0 fraction. On the contrary, the proliferation markers c-Myc, Klf4 and p21 showed the opposite expression pattern, displaying the highest expression in C1 fraction (Fig 1B). Thus, our results are in line with previous data reporting a progressive differentiation of enterocytes along the crypt-villus axis.
Using the Illumina microarrays, we generated a miRNA expression chart along the crypt-villus axis, comparing the purified crypt fraction (C1) to the fully differentiated compartment of the villus (V0). We performed a non-parametric paired comparison on log2 normalized data, with significance adjusted for multiple comparisons (FDR), and we considered significant only those genes with fold changes ≤2 and an FDR ≤0.05. This analysis allowed us to identify a panel of differentially expressed miRNAs along the crypt-villus axis; in particular, we found 15 upregulated miRNAs characterizing the different cellular fractions, and 8 downregulated miRNAs throughout cell migration along the crypt-villus axis (Fig 1C).
To investigate functional relationships in the set of differentially expressed miRNAs, we used the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis Software interrogating the Target Scan database. This tool is provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for the in-silico prediction of miRNA targets and to study the involvement of miRNAs in pathways and networks. This bioinformatics analysis allowed us to establish the implication of differentially expressed miRNAs within a particular pathway. In particular, miRNA up-regulated in the villus were clustered in networks involved in cellular differentiation and development, while miRNAs suppressed in the villus were poorly characterized in terms of known target genes and involvement in specific pathways. This integrated approach allowed us to point to 7 miRNAs upregulated in the differentiated compartment (miR-7b, let-7e, miR-486, miR-199b-5p, miR-378, miR-22, miR-29b) that have been involved in cell differentiation, metabolism and/or cancer suppression, and 2 miRNAs (miR-302b and miR-335-5p) suppressed in the villus that have been highlighted as inhibitors of apoptosis or cancer development. The differential expression of 7 up-regulated miRNAs (let-7e, miR-7b, miR-22, miR-29b, miR-199b-5p, miR-378 and mir-486 ) in the crypt-villus axis was validated on the different cell fractions using TaqMan probes. All the miRNAs resulting up-regulated in the differentiated intestinal fractions in the microarray dataset showed an increasing gradient of expression moving from the crypt to the villus, where they display their highest levels (Fig 2). On the other hand, we were not able to validate the 2 down-regulated miRNAs of the microarray dataset (miR-335-5p and miR-302b), probably due to their low expression levels in the intestinal fractions.
The human HT29 and Caco2 colon carcinoma cell lines were used as a cellular system resembling the crypt-villus axis in terms of gene signature mirroring the fine balance between proliferation and differentiation. To validate the candidate miRNAs found in the array, we first selected the murine miRNAs showing human sequence homology using the database miRBase (www.mirbase.org/). The miRNAs miR-7b, miR-199b-5p and miR-486 did not show any conserved sequence in humans, and for this reason they were left out. We focused our analysis on let-7e, miR-378, miR-29b and miR-22, which have showed high sequence homology. First, we assessed whether known genes involved in proliferation and differentiation were expressed according to the differentiation achieved in the HT29 and Caco2 system. As expected, the differentiation markers I-FABP and Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) presented an increased expression along the pre-confluence, confluence and post-confluence phases, while the proliferation markers c-MYC and cyclin D1 (CCND1 ) displayed an opposite trend, with decreased expression along the above stated time points (Fig 3A–3C). After confirming the strength of the HT29 and Caco2 colon carcinoma cellular model, we proceeded with the validation of the miRNAs differentially expressed in our microarray on the intestinal fractions.
The miRNAs displaying increased expression going from the proliferative to the differentiated compartments (miR-378, let-7e, miR-29b and miR-22 ), showed an increased expression during the HT29 differentiation (Fig 3B). The expression of the selected miRNAs along the crypt-villus axis as well as in the HT29 differentiation model follow an opposite trend with respect to proliferative cell markers: while the latter diminish their expression during differentiation, miRNAs increase. To further corroborate the data observed in HT-29 cell line, we analyse the expression of the selected microRNA in Caco2 cell line, which retains high capability of differentiate in vitro. Accordingly, to that we observed for HT29, let-7e and miR-29b show a trend toward increase along with the differentiation process (Fig 3D). On the contrary, the level of miR-22 and miR-378 decrease during different phases of Caco2 differentiation. Taken together, our results point to a possible tumor suppressor role for let-7e and miR-29b in the intestine.
ApcMin is a point mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene. APCMin/+ mice are a genetic model of colorectal cancer that develop spontaneous multiple intestinal adenomas, resembling humans carrying germ-line mutations in APC [22]. To test whether the identified miRNAs are involved in intestinal cancer suppression, we analysed their abundance in ileum tumor specimens harvested from APCMin/+ (9.18±2.86, tumors±SEM per mouse ) and wild type control using Real Time qPCR (Fig 4). Intriguingly, let-7e, miR-29b, miR-378 and miR-486 are significatively downregulated in mouse model of cancer compared to WT mice, further corroborating the involvement of these microRNA in differentiation and cancer suppression programs. On the contrary, miR-7b, miR-22 and miR-199b displayed a trend towards increase in this murine cancer model.
To confirm the possible translational relevance of let-7e, miR-29b, miR-22 and miR-378, which have been found differentially modulated along the crypt-villus axis and in vitro during post-confluence growth arrest, we evaluated by Real Time qPCR their mRNA abundance in polyp tissues (vs. normal adjacent mucosa) of 9 FAP patients. Except miR-29b, miR-22, let-7e and miR-378 showed a strong trend towards down-regulation in the tumor tissue compared to the adjacent normal mucosa, with let-7e displaying a significative decrease expression, potentially supporting a tumor-suppressor role of these miRNAs (Fig 5A). Overall, these data show the involvement of these miRNAs, and in particular let-7e, in the modulation of intestinal differentiation/proliferation processes. To further corroborate our data on let-7e, we evaluate the abundance of let-7e in normal colonic mucosa, adenoma and colorectal carcinoma by analysing different deposited microRNA microarray (Accession Number: GSE73487; GSE83924; GSE115513). In all the examined dataset, the expression of let-7e was significantly lower in colonic adenoma than in normal specimens (Fig 5B). However, with the progression of tumor to overt colorectal carcinoma the level of let-7e increases, being closer to the one observed in normal tissue.
The results obtained both in vitro and in vivo point to a possible involvement of let-7e in differentiation processes, while lower let-7e levels are likely characteristic of early phase colonic adenoma in APCMin/+ mice and human FAP subjects. To further corroborate this hypothesis, we predicted the genes targeted by let-7e using TargetScan database. Then, we performed a gene set enrichment analysis using EnrichR. Interestingly, genes potentially modulated by let-7e are involved in the regulation of pluripotency in stem cells (Fig 6; S1 Table).
The mammalian gut epithelium undergoes continuous and rapid cell renewal to guarantee the principal intestinal functions, such as absorption and defensive capacity, and finally tissue homeostasis. The entire series of cell renewal is paired to cell migration along the crypt-villus axis. Indeed, the stem cell population located at the basis of the crypt constantly divide to originate daughter cells that differentiate and migrate along the villus, and are finally extruded in the intestinal lumen after death [1].
Since today, several factors involved in numerous biological intestinal processes have been identified. These molecules contribute to the fine tuning of cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell death. Therefore, possible alterations concerning their expression and/or function may lead to the development of different diseases, including cancer. In the last decades, microRNAs have been identified as essential factors in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis [20,23]. Indeed, not only miRNAs are differentially expressed between crypt and villus compartment, but also miRNA expression profiles are changed between undifferentiated and differentiated cell lines, thus indicating a possible role in determining the intestinal epithelial cell fate [21,24].
In the present study, we analysed microRNAs differentially expressed between crypt and villi compartment in mice ileum by microarray, and we validated the prominent ones, with a deep involvement in networks and pathways of cellular proliferation and/or differentiation, along the entire crypt-villus axis by Real Time qPCR. Our analysis considered only male mice, and not female one in order to limit the miRNA expression variability due to feminine hormonal cycle [25]. The microRNAs emerged from our analysis differs from those highlighted by Zhang and colleagues, probably due to the different methodology utilized in our studies [21]. With the aim to translate our results on human, we then employed an in vitro model resembling the crypt-villus axis, using HT29 and Caco2 colon carcinoma cell lines undergoing spontaneous differentiation due to postconfluence-induced growth arrest [26]. We analysed changes of genes (c-MYC, I-FABP, CCND1 and KLF4) and selected miRNAs expression (let-7e, miR-378, miR-22 and miR-29b ) which showed a conserved sequence between mouse and human in preconfluence, confluence and postconfluence HT29 and Caco2 (Fig 3). Notably, let-7e and miR-29b show a trend toward increase across the various stages in both cell lines, thus suggesting an involvement in the differentiation process.
The intestinal stem cells residing at the bottom of the crypt play a crucial role in intestinal homeostasis, since they sustain the epithelial turnover along the crypt-villus axis, and their interplay with the environment impacts on the differentiation grade [27]. Moreover, intestinal stem cells can act as a cell of origin for intestinal tumorigenesis [28–31]. This process is characterized by an uncoupled mechanism of hyperproliferation to the detriment of differentiation. In human, colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the clinical manifestation of this imbalance. Usually occurring as adenomas that can eventually progress to malignant lesions called carcinomas. The majority of CRC occurs sporadically, while the remaining 30% arise as a consequence of inherited predisposition, such as the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). FAP patients develop hundreds of colon and rectum adenomas since young age, and CRC in untreated patients, due to a germline loss of function mutation in the APC gene [32].
To evaluate if microRNAs differentially expressed in the crypt-villus axis can be associated to tumorigenic lesions in the mice, we evaluated microRNAs expression in ApcMin/+ , a murine model of cancer. These mice phenotypically reflect the intestinal manifestation observed in FAP patients, developing adenomas predominantly in the small intestine [33]. Three out of seven microRNAs (miR-7b, miR-22 and miR-199b) display a slight trend to increase in ileum collected from APCMin/+ mice, while the others (let-7e, miR-29b, miR-378 and miR-486 ) are significatively downregulated in cancerous lesions, thus indicating a closer association of these microRNAs to differentiation process rather than proliferation one (Fig 4).
Then, to translate our findings in human in vivo, we evaluated miRNAs expression in CRC samples from FAP patients. Notably, we found only let-7e significatively downregulated in tumor specimens, while the other miRNAs do not display any significative changes (Fig 5). Intriguingly, the analysis of deposited microarray revealed that the expression of let-7e is diminished in colon adenoma compared with normal mucosa. Conversely, CRC display higher let-7e level than adenoma.
The evaluation of the putative genes regulated by let-7e revealed an enrichment of those genes involved in the regulation of cells pluripotency, including Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R) and Activin A Receptor Type 1B (ACVR1B). Remarkably, IGF1R has been found negatively regulated in let-7e overexpressing HCT-116 and LoVo cell lines [34,35]. Moreover, let-7e expression negatively correlates with ACVR1B in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) [36]. Altogether these results confirmed our observation in mice, and further sustain a possible involvement of let-7e in the differentiation process of intestinal epithelial cells rather than in the proliferation ones.
Intriguingly, other members of the conserved let-7 microRNAs family have been so far characterized as regulators of cellular differentiation. Barely detected during embryogenesis, let-7a, let-7b and let-7c increase significantly as tissue differentiates forming adult rat kidney [37]. Moreover, let-7b plays a pivotal role in neural stem cell differentiation and its loss reverses the phenotype causing cells dedifferentiation [38]. At the same time, let-7e is involved in adipose derived stem cell differentiation toward epithelia [39]. Furthermore, downregulation of let-7 family has been associated with metastases and poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma as well as in glioblastoma, and let-7e deregulation in epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines promotes the development of resistance to cisplatin [40–42]. The increase expression of let-7e reverses the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in gentamycin-resistant pancreatic cell line [43]. Different studies have been performed to assay the role of let-7e in CRC. However, none of these studies took in consideration the early stage in transformation typical of adenomas, but rather focused on late stage tumors. The induction of let-7e suppresses HCT116 and HCT8 colon cancer cells proliferation and migration in vitro [35,44], while inhibition of let-7e resulted in increased cell growth [45]. Contrarily, the overexpression of let-7e in Caco2 cell line exerts an opposite effect, promoting metastases likely by targeting E-cadherin [46,47]. Whether these contradictory results are ascribable to the differentiation status of the cells used is not fully understood. In this view, our results depicting a unique physiological regulation of let-7e in different intestinal compartments as well as a downregulation of this miRNA in early phase colonic adenoma may help to shed a light into the effect of let-7e in tumor onset and progression.
Notably, high level of let-7e improves CRC radio- and chemosensitivity, and therefore limit tumour progression, via a direct interaction with IGF1R [34,35,46]. Intriguingly, sub-populations of chemoresistant cells in solid tumours present same biological peculiarities of cancer stem cells, responsible for tumor relapse and invasion [48].
Currently, it is believed that cancer stem cells originate from stem cell progenitors of the tissue of origin, and that tumour progression is characterized by a progressive differentiation of a cell which finally acquired stem-like properties [49]. In this view, let-7e may represent a useful diagnostic marker to characterize different stage of CRC, with higher expression in T1 stage of more differentiated cells than in T4 stage, where cells display mesenchymal and metastatic characteristic. Therefore, a downregulation of let-7e level may be used in the clinical practice to discriminate early stages adenoma, as emerged from the data displayed here.
Intestinal homeostasis consists of a fine balance of cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell death. Intestinal stem cells residing at the bottom of the crypt are responsible for the entire epithelial renewal, occurring every 3–5 days. MicroRNAs are essential to maintain tissue homeostasis. MiRNAs more expressed in the crypt compartment are closely associated with proliferation, whereas those with high expression in the tip of the villi are involved in the differentiation and apoptosis processes. Intriguingly, alterations occurring to stem cells give rise to intestinal tumours, characterized by an imbalance between proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis programs.
In particular, here we identified let-7e as one of the principal miRNAs involved in differentiation process, since its expression increased along the crypt-villus axis and it predictively regulates genes involved in pluripotency of stem cells. Intriguingly, less let-7e characterizes early-stage colonic adenoma, such as the ones arising in APCMin/+ mice and FAP patients. Thus, assaying this miRNA could represent a rapid valuable option to discriminate tumor stage and eventually to distinguish early-stage adenoma.
We thank A. D’Orazio for her invaluable help during the study.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Tweets
let-7e downregulation characterizes early phase colonic adenoma in APCMin/+ mice and human FAP subjects
Twitter
Facebook
WhatsApp
LinkedIn
