Despite the safety and efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, many persons are still not receiving it. The purpose of this pilot project was to evaluate the number of first doses of the 9-valent HPV (9vHPV) vaccination administered after a pharmacist-led intervention in the Adult Family Planning Clinic at Grady Health System (GHS), a large academic urban medical center in Atlanta, Georgia.
The pilot project had 3 phases: pre-intervention (November 15, 2016, through March 31, 2017), active intervention (November 15, 2017, through December 29, 2017), and post-intervention (December 30, 2017, through March 31, 2018). The pre-intervention phase was used as a historical control. The active intervention phase consisted of pharmacist interventions in the clinic and patient and health care provider education. The post-intervention phase evaluated the durability of pharmacist-led interventions performed and education provided during the active phase.
Eighty-nine first-dose 9vHPV vaccines (of the 3-dose series) were administered to young adults aged 18-26 during the project period (November 15, 2017, through March 31, 2018); none were administered during the pre-intervention phase. Of 89 patients who received a first 9vHPV vaccine dose, 20 patients also received a second 9vHPV vaccine dose. During the project period, 166 doses of 9vHPV vaccine (first, second, or third doses) were administered.
This pharmacist-led intervention led to an increase in the number of young adult patients receiving their first dose of the 9vHPV vaccination series. With the support of other health care providers, pharmacist-led initiatives can expand vaccine-related health literacy and facilitate access to immunization services.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the
United States. As of 2017, 79 million persons aged 15-59 years were infected with HPV,
and approximately 14 million persons become infected each year.
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a 2-dose schedule for
children and adolescent girls and boys who initiate the vaccination series at ages 9-14
years. A 3-dose schedule is recommended for persons who initiate the vaccination series
at ages 15-26 years and for immunocompromised persons.
According to the 2018 National Immunization Survey–Teen, 51.1% of US adolescents aged
13-17 years were up to date with the recommended HPV vaccination series during
2017-2018; 68.1% of male and female adolescents aged 13-17 years received their first
dose of the HPV vaccine series. In Georgia, 68.7% received a first dose of the HPV vaccine.
Studies have found that recommendations by a health care provider and high levels of
vaccine-related knowledge among patients and health care providers are associated with
an increased likelihood of vaccination.
Grady Health System (GHS), located in Atlanta, Georgia, is a safety-net hospital that
serves a diverse population consisting primarily of adults who have multiple comorbid
conditions, poor healthy literacy, and low income and are under- or uninsured. GHS has
13 ambulatory-care clinics, 7 of which are located on the main hospital campus. Among
them is the Adult Family Planning Clinic, which serves men and women aged ≥18. The
multidisciplinary Adult Family Planning Clinic staff consists of health educators,
nurses, advanced practitioners, and attending physicians, but it does not generally
include a pharmacist. In this clinic, patients receive contraceptive services, screening
and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, and preventive care. The number of HPV
vaccinations administered in this clinic is low; 17 HPV vaccines were administered from
January 2011 through December 2016. GHS pediatric clinics have higher rates of HPV
vaccination than adult clinics. During 2015-2017, 1365 pediatric patients aged 9-17
years were seen in 7 pediatric GHS clinics, 65% (n = 887) of whom received the first
dose of the HPV vaccine at GHS (unpublished data, GHS, 2015-2017). Rates of HPV
vaccination at GHS pediatric clinics were similar to rates of first-dose HPV vaccination
in Georgia (68.7% among adolescents aged 13-17 years),
Although HPV vaccination rates are below the Healthy People goal in all regions of the
United States, they are disproportionately lower for adolescent girls in the South. The
South Atlantic Region (including Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Virginia, and West Virginia) also has the highest rates of cervical, anal, and oral
cavity/oropharyngeal cancers compared with other US regions.
Our pilot project focused on increasing the number of HPV vaccinations among patients
aged 18-26 years in the GHS Family Planning Clinic. The FDA’s expanded approval for
administration of the vaccine to adults aged 27-45 occurred after our project proposal
had been completed. Higher pediatric vaccination rates are likely due to increased
provider vaccination awareness during a pediatric visit, periodic wellness visits that
align with a widely accepted vaccination schedule, and vaccination funding initiatives.
We included in the evaluation all patients aged 18-26 years who attended the GHS
Adult Family Planning Clinic during the study period. We excluded patients who were
aged <18 years or >26 years, were pregnant or lactating, were incarcerated, or
had a severe allergy to 9vHPV vaccine ingredients.
The project design was a descriptive pre/post-intervention evaluation in 3 phases
(
Phases of a pharmacist-led intervention designed to increase HPV vaccinations among patients aged 18-26 years at Grady Health System’s Adult Family Planning Clinic in Atlanta, Georgia, 2017-2018. Abbreviations: 9vHPV, 9-valent human papillomavirus; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; EMR, electronic medical record; HCP, health care provider.
Before this quality improvement project, the 9vHPV vaccine stock in the clinic
was reserved for patients who qualified for VFC only, thereby limiting vaccine
access to non–VFC-qualified patients. During Part A of the active intervention,
the pharmacist’s first action was to add 9vHPV vaccine stock for VFC-qualified
and non–VFC-qualified patients, allowing health care providers to use the 9vHPV
vaccine for patients aged ≥18 (
During Part B of the active intervention, 1 pharmacist was present in the Adult Family Planning Clinic daily. Pharmacist-led activities included daily screening of the clinic schedule to identify patients aged 18-26 years who were eligible for vaccination, verification of patient immunization status, provision of patient vaccine education, vaccine administration, and assistance with copay verification. In addition, the pharmacist provided the EPIC ambulatory team with updated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–sponsored HPV patient education materials. These educational materials were uploaded into the electronic medical record (EMR), which could be printed and distributed to patients. For all eligible patients, the pharmacist verified whether the patients had received HPV vaccine doses by using the Georgia Registry of Immunization Transactions and Services (GRITS), as required in the state of Georgia. The pharmacist reconciled the information obtained from GRITS with the patient’s immunization status in GHS’s EMR, EPIC, and then documented the patient’s immunization status. The pharmacist added the phrase “needs evaluation for HPV vaccine” to the patient’s problem list in EPIC. In addition, the pharmacist provided education to patients about the benefits and risks associated with HPV vaccination. If an insured patient chose to receive the vaccine, the pharmacist verified the necessary copay. Uninsured patients receiving financial assistance from GHS did not have to pay for the vaccine.
Working with the Adult Family Planning Clinic medical directors, the pharmacist
designed a workflow that incorporated health educators’ screening of information
on patients the day before their arrival (
Pharmacist-led intervention workflow that incorporated screening by health educators of information on patients visiting Grady Health System’s Adult Family Planning Clinic on the day before patients’ arrival, Atlanta, Georgia, 2017-2018. The intervention was designed to increase HPV vaccinations among patients aged 18-26 years. Abbreviations: GRITS, Georgia Registry of Immunization Transactions and Services; HPV, human papillomavirus.
Pharmacist-led intervention workflow that incorporated screening by nurses and health care providers of patients visiting Grady Health System’s Adult Family Planning Clinic on the day of the visit, Atlanta, Georgia, 2017-2018. The intervention was designed to increase HPV vaccinations among patients aged 18-26 years. Abbreviations: GRITS, Georgia Registry of Immunization Transactions and Services; HPV, human papillomavirus; VIS, vaccine information statement.
During the post-intervention phase, the pharmacist was no longer present in the clinic daily because of time constraints but continued to provide support through weekly clinic visits, responding to questions about 9vHPV vaccination, and ensuring adequate stock of the vaccine in the clinic. Health care provider education was conducted longitudinally, starting with the Part A intervention phase and continuing throughout the post-intervention phase.
We evaluated the long-term sustainability of the intervention by tracking the number of 9vHPV vaccines administered after the post-intervention phase, during a follow-up phase, from April 2018 through July 2019.
We obtained data on the number of patients in the pre-intervention phase from an institution-generated report, including the number of patients aged 18-26 years who visited the Adult Family Planning Clinic from November 15, 2016, through March 31, 2017, and the number of 9vHPV vaccines administered in the clinic during the same period. We selected this date range to obtain data on baseline vaccine administration before our active intervention and post-intervention phases. During the data analysis for the active intervention and post-intervention phases, a pharmacist screened the Adult Family Planning Clinic schedule and identified the total number of patients who were eligible to receive the vaccine. Then, we counted the total number of 9vHPV vaccines administered during each phase. Because a pharmacist was present on a daily basis in the clinic during Part B of the active phase, the pharmacist was able to document reasons for not administering the vaccine among eligible patients.
During the pre-intervention phase, no HPV vaccines were administered. During the
active intervention phase, 242 patients (1 male, 241 female) were screened and
identified by the pharmacist as being of appropriate age to receive vaccination.
Patients who did not arrive for their appointment (n = 81), who had already
completed the HPV vaccine series (n = 71), or who were lactating or pregnant (n = 9)
were excluded (
Study flow during Part B of the active intervention phase, December 7-29, 2017, in pharmacist-led intervention designed to increase HPV vaccinations among patients aged 18-26 years at Grady Health System’s Adult Family Planning Clinic in Atlanta, Georgia, 2017-2018. Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HPV, human papillomavirus.
Overall, 166 9vHPV vaccine doses were administered from December 7, 2017, through March 31, 2018 (Part B and the post-intervention phases): 54% (n = 89) were first doses, 12% (n = 20) were second doses, and 34% (n = 57) were third doses. Of the 89 first doses, 23 were administered in December 2017, 28 in January 2018, 18 in February 2018, and 20 in March 2018. Of the 20 second doses, 9 were administered in February 2018 and 4 were administered in March 2018, during the post-intervention period. Of the 20 patients who received a second dose, 13 patients had also received their first 9vHPV vaccine dose during a visit that took place in December 2017, when the pharmacist was in the clinic on a daily basis, or in January 2018, when the pharmacist was in the clinic on a weekly basis. The remaining 35% (n = 7) of patients who received a second dose had received their first dose before the active intervention or post-intervention period. Of the 57 patients who received a third 9vHPV vaccine dose, 30 (53%) patients had received previous HPV vaccine dose(s) and completed the 3-dose series during the active and post-intervention periods from December 7, 2017, through March 31, 2018.
During the follow-up period (April 2018 through July 2019), 107 doses of 9vHPV vaccine were administered to patients aged 18-26 years.
In this pilot study, a pharmacist-led, multidisciplinary intervention in a hospital-based clinic led to modifications in the workflow and an increase in initiation of the 9vHPV vaccination among a population that is rarely targeted for HPV vaccination initiatives: patients aged 18-26 years attending a family planning clinic. Results from this project suggest that opportunities exist for catch-up vaccination in this priority population through an approach that establishes multidisciplinary relationships, facilitates vaccine access, and aligns priorities for clinic staff members through educational efforts focused on the benefits of HPV vaccination. Family planning visits do not typically focus on vaccinations, but with this pilot project, we helped family planning providers advocate and promote HPV vaccination. Health care providers in the clinic targeted a unique patient population that can benefit from HPV prevention and education, even more so with the recent expanded approval of vaccine administration to patients up to age 45.
In addition, the pharmacist-led intervention led to the creation of new Adult Family Planning Clinic workflows. These new pharmacist-designed workflows increased the number of doses of 9vHPV vaccination administered while the pharmacist was in the clinic on either a daily or weekly basis. Although the pharmacist was not present on a daily basis after December 29, 2017, the 2 workflows designed by the pharmacist in collaboration with clinic providers led to increased 9vHPV vaccination activity during the post-intervention period compared with the pre-intervention period. More 9vHPV vaccines were administered during the follow-up period—when a pharmacist was not in the clinic—than during the pre-intervention phase. However, more doses of vaccine were administered during the active and post-intervention phases than during the follow-up period, demonstrating that some, but not all, elements of the new workflows may have sustained HPV vaccination rates after the intervention ended. Over time, the pharmacist-led education provided during this pilot project, along with a heightened awareness of HPV vaccine necessity among clinic personnel, may lead to an increase in the number of patients who complete the 3-dose HPV vaccine series.
This project had several limitations. First, the pilot project was conducted in a
single clinic at one institution, which limited the external validity of our
results. Second, because of the project’s short duration, we could not evaluate
completion of the entire 3-dose series. Third, selection bias may have occurred
because patients who visit the Adult Family Planning Clinic are seeking
contraceptive services, screening, and/or treatment for sexually transmitted
diseases and preventive care. As such, they may be more receptive to receiving
the HPV vaccine than patients who do not seek these services or have access to
them. In addition, young women tend to access reproductive health care rather
than primary care
Fourth, because the clinic had only VFC stock available before the intervention, adding non-VFC stock during the intervention may have led to increased vaccination, thus making it difficult to assess the effectiveness of pharmacist-led education and implementation of new workflow processes. Fifth, communication problems occurred between state vaccination data in GRITS and the EMR, leading to inaccuracies in the patient’s vaccination history and, thus, impairing the ability of clinic staff members to readily identify vaccine-eligible patients. The most accurate way to review a patient’s vaccine history is to verify each person in the GRITS database; however, this type of review may have been too time consuming for clinic staff members. Finally, the 9vHPV vaccine series can be ordered only by physicians or advanced practice practitioners in Georgia (ie, nurse practitioners, certified nurse midwives, physician assistants). No protocol is available that allows nurses to order the vaccine in the EMR. The restriction in 9vHPV vaccine ordered led to increased clinic time, especially for patients who were only presenting for a routine nurse visit.
The results of this evaluation were presented to the Vaccine Expert Panel at GHS with the goal of assessing the feasibility of expanding a similar initiative at other clinics. For example, efforts to reach out to unvaccinated male patients may lead to additional vaccines being administered and to cancer prevention in this patient population. The Adult Family Planning Clinic setting was not ideal for targeting male patients; therefore, other primary care settings may need to be considered.
Even though HPV vaccines continued to be administered at GHS after the active
pharmacist-led intervention ended, fewer vaccines were administered. This finding
suggests the need for a reiterative process to ensure the successful continuation of
this initiative. A nonpharmacist could be trained to complete many screening and
education activities. The development of a nurse-driven protocol would allow nurses
to order the 9vHPV vaccine in the EMR without having to ask a physician or advanced
practice practitioner to do so. In Georgia, nurses can administer the HPV vaccine to
patients aged <18 years when a patient consents.
The authors thank the Adult Family Planning Clinic staff at Grady Health System for implementing the interventions established by the pharmacist into their daily workflow.
Julianna Cebollero